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1 independent evidence
1) Математика: независимое доказательство2) Юридический термин: показание с самостоятельным доказательственным значением, самостоятельное доказательство -
2 independent evidence
незалежний доказ, незалежні докази; самостійний доказ, самостійні докази; свідчення із самостійним доказовим значенням -
3 independent evidence
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4 independent evidence
English-Russian scientific dictionary > independent evidence
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5 evidence
1) средство или средства доказывания; доказательство, доказательства; подтверждение; улика | служить доказательством, подтверждать, доказывать2) свидетельское показание, свидетельские показания | свидетельствовать, давать показания3) дача показаний, представление или исследование доказательств ( как стадия судебного процесса); доказывание4) свидетель•admissible in evidence — допустимый в качестве доказательства;
evidence admissible in chief — доказательства или показания, допустимые при главном допросе;
evidence aliunde — внешнее доказательство, лежащее вне документа доказательство;
evidence at law — судебные доказательства;
evidence before trial — показания, данные или доказательства, представленные до начала судебного процесса;
evidence by affidavit — показания в форме аффидевита;
failure to give evidence — непредставление доказательств; невозможность дать показания; отказ от дачи показаний;
evidence for the defence — 1. доказательства защиты 2. показания свидетелей защиты;
evidence for the defendant — доказательства в пользу ответчика, подсудимого;
evidence for the plaintiff — доказательства в пользу истца;
evidence for the prosecution — 1. доказательства обвинения, улики 2. показания свидетелей обвинения;
evidence implicating the accused — доказательства, дающие основание полагать, что преступление совершено обвиняемым;
in evidence — в доказательство, в качестве доказательства;
evidence in corroboration — доказательство в подтверждение других доказательств;
evidence in cross-examination — свидетельские показания или доказательства, полученные при перекрёстном допросе ( стороной свидетеля противной стороны);
evidence in disproof — показания или доказательства в опровержение;
evidence in question — 1. оспариваемое доказательство 2. исследуемое и оцениваемое доказательство;
evidence in rebuttal — доказательство или показание в опровержение;
evidence in support of the opposition — пат. обоснование протеста, мотивированный протест;
evidence in the case — доказательства или показания по делу;
evidence is out — доказательства исчерпаны;
item in evidence — предмет, представленный в качестве доказательства;
evidence material to the case — доказательство, имеющее существенное значение для дела;
evidence on appeal — показания, доказательства по апелляции;
evidence on commission — показания по поручению;
evidence on hearing — доказательство на рассмотрении суда;
evidence on oath — показания под присягой;
on the evidence — на основании данных показаний или представленных доказательств;
evidence par excellence — лучшее доказательство;
piece of evidence — часть доказательственного материала; отдельное доказательство;
evidence relevant to credibility — доказательство, относящиеся к надёжности свидетеля, достоверности его показаний;
evidence relevant to weight — доказательства, относящиеся к убедительности других доказательств;
evidence sufficient to sustain the case — доказательства, достаточные для поддержания ( данной) версии;
to adduce evidence — представить доказательство;
to admit evidence — допустить доказательство;
to admit in evidence — допустить в качестве доказательства;
to appear in evidence — вытекать из представленных доказательств;
to become Commonwealth's [Crown's, government's, King's, People's, Queen's, State's] evidence — стать свидетелем обвинения, перейти на сторону обвинения, дав показания против сообвиняемого;
to call (for) evidence — истребовать доказательства;
to compare evidence — 1. сопоставить доказательства, показания 2. произвести очную ставку;
evidence to contradict — контрдоказательство; контрпоказание;
to develop evidence — представить доказательства;
to exaggerate evidence — преувеличить силу доказательства;
to fabricate evidence — сфабриковать доказательства;
to give evidence — 1. давать показания 2. представить доказательства;
to give in evidence — представить в качестве доказательства;
to give evidence under compulsion — давать показания по принуждению;
to introduce evidence — представить доказательства;
to introduce in evidence — представить в качестве доказательства;
to lead evidence — 1. заслушивать, отбирать показания 2. принимать доказательства;
evidence to meet — доказательство в поддержку, поддерживающее доказательство;
to offer evidence — представить доказательства;
to offer in evidence — представить в качестве доказательства;
to prepare evidence — 1. сфабриковать доказательства 2. подготовиться к даче показаний;
to prepare false evidence — сфабриковать ложные доказательства;
to produce evidence — представить доказательства;
to put in evidence — представить в качестве доказательства;
to read into evidence — зачитывать текст в доказательство правильности или неправильности его содержания;
evidence to rebut — доказательство в опровержение, опровергающее доказательство;
to receive evidence — 1. получить, отобрать показания 2. принять доказательства;
to receive in evidence — принять в качестве доказательства;
to review evidence — рассмотреть или пересмотреть доказательства;
to search for evidence — искать доказательства;
to sift evidence — тщательно исследовать, анализировать доказательства или показания;
to suppress evidence — скрыть доказательства;
to take evidence — 1. отобрать показания 2. принять доказательства;
to tender evidence — представить доказательства;
to tender in evidence — представить в качестве доказательства;
evidence to the contrary — доказательство противного;
to weigh evidence — оценить доказательства;
to withhold evidence — воздержаться, отказаться от дачи показаний или от представления доказательств;
- evidence of arrestevidence wrongfully obtained — доказательства, показания, полученные с нарушением закона
- evidence of blood grouping tests
- evidence of character
- evidence of confession
- evidence of credibility
- evidence of crime
- evidence of debt
- evidence of disposition
- evidence of fact
- evidence of guilt
- evidence of identification
- evidence of identity
- evidence of indebtedness
- evidence of opportunity
- evidence of practice
- evidence of reputation
- evidence of title
- acceptable evidence
- actual evidence
- additional evidence
- adduced evidence
- adequate evidence
- adminicular evidence
- admissible evidence
- admitted evidence
- adversary evidence
- affirmative evidence
- affirmative rebuttal evidence
- after-discovered evidence
- ample evidence
- ascertaining evidence
- autoptical evidence
- auxiliary evidence
- available evidence
- ballistics evidence
- ballistic evidence
- best evidence
- better evidence
- biological evidence
- casual evidence
- character evidence
- character-witness evidence
- circumstantial evidence
- civil evidence
- clear evidence
- closed evidence
- cogent evidence
- collateral evidence
- Commonwealth's evidence
- competent evidence
- completing evidence
- conclusive evidence
- concocted evidence
- concomittant evidence
- confirmatory evidence
- conflicting evidence
- consistent evidence
- contradicting evidence
- contrary evidence
- contributing evidence
- controverted evidence
- controvertible evidence
- convincing evidence
- copy evidence
- corroborated evidence
- corroborating evidence
- counteracting evidence
- counter evidence
- credible evidence
- criminal evidence
- criminating evidence
- Crown's evidence
- culpatory evidence
- cumulative evidence
- damaging evidence
- damning evidence
- decisive evidence
- demeanor evidence
- demonstrative evidence
- derivative evidence
- direct evidence
- disproving evidence
- doctored evidence
- documentary evidence
- empirical evidence
- entered evidence
- exact evidence
- excluded evidence
- exculpatory evidence
- expert evidence
- expert opinion evidence
- explaining evidence
- external evidence
- extrajudicial evidence
- extraneous evidence
- extrinsic evidence
- fabricated evidence
- false evidence
- final evidence
- fingerprint evidence
- firm evidence
- first hand evidence
- footprint evidence
- foundation evidence
- fragmentary evidence
- fresh evidence
- further evidence
- government's evidence
- habit evidence
- hard evidence
- hearsay evidence
- higher evidence
- identification evidence
- identifying evidence
- illegally obtained evidence
- illustrative evidence
- immaterial evidence
- immunized evidence
- impeaching evidence
- implicating evidence
- impugned evidence
- inadequate evidence
- inadmissible evidence
- incompetent evidence
- inconclusive evidence
- inconsistent evidence
- incontroverted evidence
- incontrovertible evidence
- incriminating evidence
- inculpatory evidence
- independent evidence
- indicative evidence
- indirect evidence
- indispensable evidence
- indubitable evidence
- inferential evidence
- inferior evidence
- insufficient evidence
- insufficient evidence for the defence
- internal evidence
- introduced evidence
- irrefutable evidence
- irrelevant evidence
- judicial evidence
- King's evidence
- legal evidence
- legally obtained evidence
- legitimate evidence
- manufactured evidence
- material evidence
- mathematical evidence
- moral evidence
- negative evidence
- negative rebuttal evidence
- newly-discovered evidence
- nonexculpatory evidence
- notarial evidence
- obtainable evidence
- obtained evidence
- offered evidence
- official evidence
- opinion evidence
- opinion evidence of character
- opposing evidence
- oral evidence
- original evidence
- out-of-court evidence
- overwhelming evidence
- parol evidence
- partial evidence
- pedigree evidence
- People's evidence
- perjured evidence
- persuasive evidence
- physical evidence
- police evidence
- positive evidence
- possible evidence
- preappointed evidence
- predominant evidence
- preferable evidence
- prejudicial evidence
- presuming evidence
- presumptive evidence
- prevailing evidence
- prima facie evidence
- primary evidence
- probable evidence
- proffered evidence
- proper evidence
- prosecution evidence
- prospectant evidence
- proving evidence
- pure expert opinion evidence
- Queen's evidence
- radar evidence of speed
- radar evidence
- real evidence
- reasonable evidence
- rebuttal evidence
- rebutted evidence
- rebutting evidence
- receivable evidence
- received evidence
- recognized evidence
- recollection evidence
- record evidence
- recorded evidence
- record evidence of title
- related evidence
- relevant evidence
- repelling evidence
- reputation evidence of character
- requisite evidence
- retrospectant evidence
- routine practice evidence
- satisfactory evidence
- scientific evidence
- secondary evidence
- second hand evidence
- shaken evidence
- significant evidence
- similar evidence
- slimmer evidence
- slim evidence
- solid evidence
- spoken evidence
- state's evidence
- strengthening evidence
- strong evidence
- stronger evidence
- strongest available evidence
- substantial evidence
- substantive evidence
- substitutionary evidence
- sufficient evidence
- supplementary evidence
- supporting evidence
- suspect evidence
- sworn evidence
- tainted evidence
- tendered evidence
- testimonial evidence
- trace evidence
- traditionary evidence
- uncontradicted evidence
- uncorroborated evidence
- unfavourable evidence
- unshaken evidence
- unsworn evidence
- untainted evidence
- verbal evidence
- visible evidence
- visual evidence
- vital evidence
- volunteer evidence
- weak evidence
- weaker evidence
- wiretap information evidence
- wiretap evidence
- written evidence
- evidence of criminality
- confirming evidence
- corroborative evidence
- explanatory evidence
- intrinsic evidence
- prime evidence -
6 independent
незалежний, самостійний; автономний; безсторонній, об'єктивний; який виконує роботу своїми засобами- independent adviceindependent presidential candidate — незалежний ( від партій) кандидат у президенти
- independent authority
- independent candidate
- independent claim
- independent commission
- independent conditions
- independent contractor
- independent corroboration
- independent counsel
- independent covenants
- independent demand
- independent deputy
- independent district
- independent entrepreneur
- independent evidence
- independent expert
- independent fact
- independent inventor
- independent judge
- independent judicial inquiry
- independent judiciary
- independent labor union
- independent legal advice
- independent means
- independent nation
- independent patent
- independent proof
- independent prosecutor
- independent regulatory body
- independent state
- independent statehood
- independent trade union
- independent witness -
7 evidence
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8 independent
Adj1. स्वाधीनIndia is an independent country.2. स्वतंत्रSome independent evidence has recently come to light.Independent schools prove better education.We demand independent inquiry into the government's handling of the affair.These days the number of independent candidates are increasing. -
9 independent
independent [‚ɪndɪˈpendənt]indépendant ; [radio] libre━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━* * *[ˌɪndɪ'pendənt] 1.1) Politics candidat/-e m/f indépendant/-e2) ( company) indépendant m, compagnie f indépendante2.1) ( self-reliant) [person] indépendantindependent means —
2) Politics indépendant3) ( impartial) [observer, inquiry] indépendant; [evidence, account] objectif/-ive4) ( unconnected) [complaint] indépendant5) ( not part of an organization) indépendant6) ( not state run) privé -
10 independent
A n1 Pol candidat/-e m/f indépendant/-e ;B adj1 ( self-reliant) [person, life, attitude, style] indépendant (of de) ; independent means, an independent income des revenus personnels ;2 Pol [country] indépendant (of de) ;3 ( impartial) [body, expert, observer, inquiry, investigation] indépendant ; [witness, evidence, account] objectif/-ive ;4 (separate, unconnected) [complaint, source] indépendant ; two independent surveys give the same result deux sondages indépendants donnent le même résultat ;6 ( not state run) [school, hospital, radio station] privé ; -
11 independent
[ˌɪndɪ'pendənt] 1.1) (self-reliant) [ person] indipendente (of da)2) pol. [ country] indipendente (of da)3) (impartial) [observer, inquiry] indipendente, imparziale; [ evidence] oggettivo5) (not part of an organization) [candidate, newspaper] indipendente6) (not state run) [school, hospital, television] privato2.1) pol. indipendente m. e f.2) (film company) produttore m. (-trice) indipendente; (record company) etichetta f. discografica indipendente* * *[indi'pendənt]1) (not controlled by other people, countries etc: an independent country; That country is now independent of Britain.) indipendente2) (not willing to accept help: an independent old lady.) indipendente3) (having enough money to support oneself: She is completely independent and receives no money from her family; She is now independent of her parents.) indipendente4) (not relying on, or affected by, something or someone else: an independent observer; to arrive at an independent conclusion.) indipendente•- independently* * *[ˌɪndɪ'pendənt] 1.1) (self-reliant) [ person] indipendente (of da)2) pol. [ country] indipendente (of da)3) (impartial) [observer, inquiry] indipendente, imparziale; [ evidence] oggettivo5) (not part of an organization) [candidate, newspaper] indipendente6) (not state run) [school, hospital, television] privato2.1) pol. indipendente m. e f.2) (film company) produttore m. (-trice) indipendente; (record company) etichetta f. discografica indipendente -
12 независимое доказательство
Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > независимое доказательство
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13 Psychoanalysis
[Psychoanalysis] seeks to prove to the ego that it is not even master in its own house, but must content itself with scanty information of what is going on unconsciously in the mind. (Freud, 1953-1974, Vol. 16, pp. 284-285)Although in the interview the analyst is supposedly a "passive" auditor of the "free association" narration by the subject, in point of fact the analyst does direct the course of the narrative. This by itself does not necessarily impair the evidential worth of the outcome, for even in the most meticulously conducted laboratory experiment the experimenter intervenes to obtain the data he is after. There is nevertheless the difficulty that in the nature of the case the full extent of the analyst's intervention is not a matter that is open to public scrutiny, so that by and large one has only his own testimony as to what transpires in the consulting room. It is perhaps unnecessary to say that this is not a question about the personal integrity of psychoanalytic practitioners. The point is the fundamental one that no matter how firmly we may resolve to make explicit our biases, no human being is aware of all of them, and that objectivity in science is achieved through the criticism of publicly accessible material by a community of independent inquirers.... Moreover, unless data are obtained under carefully standardized circumstances, or under different circumstances whose dependence on known variables is nevertheless established, even an extensive collection of data is an unreliable basis for inference. To be sure, analysts apparently do attempt to institute standard conditions for the conduct of interviews. But there is not much information available on the extent to which the standardization is actually enforced, or whether it relates to more than what may be superficial matters. (E. Nagel, 1959, pp. 49-50)3) No Necessary Incompatibility between Psychoanalysis and Certain Religious Formulationshere would seem to be no necessary incompatibility between psychoanalysis and those religious formulations which locate God within the self. One could, indeed, argue that Freud's Id (and even more Groddeck's It), the impersonal force within which is both the core of oneself and yet not oneself, and from which in illness one become[s] alienated, is a secular formation of the insight which makes religious people believe in an immanent God. (Ryecroft, 1966, p. 22)Freudian analysts emphasized that their theories were constantly verified by their "clinical observations."... It was precisely this fact-that they always fitted, that they were always confirmed-which in the eyes of their admirers constituted the strongest argument in favour of these theories. It began to dawn on me that this apparent strength was in fact their weakness.... It is easy to obtain confirmations or verifications, for nearly every theory-if we look for confirmation. (Popper, 1968, pp. 3435)5) Psychoanalysis Is Not a Science But Rather the Interpretation of a Narrated HistoryPsychoanalysis does not satisfy the standards of the sciences of observation, and the "facts" it deals with are not verifiable by multiple, independent observers.... There are no "facts" nor any observation of "facts" in psychoanalysis but rather the interpretation of a narrated history. (Ricoeur, 1974, p. 186)6) Some of the Qualities of a Scientific Approach Are Possessed by PsychoanalysisIn sum: psychoanalysis is not a science, but it shares some of the qualities associated with a scientific approach-the search for truth, understanding, honesty, openness to the import of the observation and evidence, and a skeptical stance toward authority. (Breger, 1981, p. 50)[Attributes of Psychoanalysis:]1. Psychic Determinism. No item in mental life and in conduct and behavior is "accidental"; it is the outcome of antecedent conditions.2. Much mental activity and behavior is purposive or goal-directed in character.3. Much of mental activity and behavior, and its determinants, is unconscious in character. 4. The early experience of the individual, as a child, is very potent, and tends to be pre-potent over later experience. (Farrell, 1981, p. 25)Our sceptic may be unwise enough... to maintain that, because analytic theory is unscientific on his criterion, it is not worth discussing. This step is unwise, because it presupposes that, if a study is not scientific on his criterion, it is not a rational enterprise... an elementary and egregious mistake. The scientific and the rational are not co-extensive. Scientific work is only one form that rational inquiry can take: there are many others. (Farrell, 1981, p. 46)Psychoanalysts have tended to write as though the term analysis spoke for itself, as if the statement "analysis revealed" or "it was analyzed as" preceding a clinical assertion was sufficient to establish the validity of what was being reported. An outsider might easily get the impression from reading the psychoanalytic literature that some standardized, generally accepted procedure existed for both inference and evidence. Instead, exactly the opposite has been true. Clinical material in the hands of one analyst can lead to totally different "findings" in the hands of another. (Peterfreund, 1986, p. 128)The analytic process-the means by which we arrive at psychoanalytic understanding-has been largely neglected and is poorly understood, and there has been comparatively little interest in the issues of inference and evidence. Indeed, psychoanalysts as a group have not recognized the importance of being bound by scientific constraints. They do not seem to understand that a possibility is only that-a possibility-and that innumerable ways may exist to explain the same data. Psychoanalysts all too often do not seem to distinguish hypotheses from facts, nor do they seem to understand that hypotheses must be tested in some way, that criteria for evidence must exist, and that any given test for any hypothesis must allow for the full range of substantiation/refutation. (Peterfreund, 1986, p. 129)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Psychoanalysis
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14 banker
сущ.1) банк. банкир (физическое лицо, владеющее или управляющее банком)See:personal banker, banker's hours, Legal Decisions Affecting Bankers, Chartered Institute of Bankers, Chartered Institute of Bankers in Scotland, Committee of London and Scottish Bankers, Committee of London Clearing Bankers, Independent Community Bankers of America2) банк. банкирский дом, банкирская контора, банк (организация, осуществляющая банковскую деятельность)See:investment banker, mortgage banker, banker's acceptance, bankers' bank, banker's blanket bond, banker's cheque, banker's commission, banker's discount, bankers draft, banker's draft, banker's guarantee, banker's lien, banker's order, banker's reference, banker's rounding, Banker's Books Evidence Act, Independent Bankers Association of America v. Smith, Independent Bankers Association of New York State v. Marine Midland Bank, N. A., Independent Bankers Association of New York State v. Marine Midland Bank, N. A., Independent Bankers Association of New York State v. Marine Midland Bank, N. A., Independent Bankers Association of New York State v. Marine Midland Bank, N. A., Independent Bankers Association of New York State v. Marine Midland Bank, N. A., Independent Bankers Association of New York State v. Marine Midland Bank, N. A., Independent Bankers Association of New York State v. Marine Midland Bank, N. A., Independent Bankers Association of New York State v. Marine Midland Bank, N. A., Independent Bankers Association of New York State v. Marine Midland Bank, N. A., Independent Bankers Association of New York State v. Marine Midland Bank, N. A., Independent Bankers Association of New York State v. Marine Midland Bank, N. A., Independent Bankers Association of New York State v. Marine Midland Bank, N. A., Independent Bankers Association of New York State v. Marine Midland Bank, N. A., Independent Bankers Association of New York State v. Marine Midland Bank, N. A., Independent Bankers Association of New York State v. Marine Midland Bank, N. A., Independent Bankers Association of New York State v. Marine Midland Bank, N. A., Independent Bankers Association of New York State v. Marine Midland Bank, N. A., Independent Bankers Association of New York State v. Marine Midland Bank, N. A., Independent Bankers Association of New York State v. Marine Midland Bank, N. A., Independent Bankers Association of New York State v. Marine Midland Bank, N. A., Independent Bankers Association of New York State v. Marine Midland Bank, N. A., Independent Bankers Association of New York State v. Marine Midland Bank, N. A.
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1) банкир: физическое лицо, владеющее или управляющее банком, сотрудник банка, занимающийся банковскими операциями; 2) крупье, банкомет.* * *банкир; банковский работник; банковский служащий; работник банка. . Словарь экономических терминов .* * *Банки/Банковские операциибанковский делец, владелец, совладелец или крупный акционер банка -
15 fact
факт; обстоятельствоfact at [in] issue — факт, составляющий сущность спорного вопроса, основной факт; факт, являющийся предметом судебного спора; предмет доказывания;
fact for the jury — факт, оценка которого принадлежит присяжным;
in fact — в действительности, на самом деле;
fact in contest — факт, являющийся предметом судебного спора;
fact in dispute — предмет спора;
fact in evidence — см. fact of evidence;
fact in proof — предмет доказывания;
fact in question — оспариваемый факт; факт, являющийся предметом судебного спора; предмет доказывания;
facts in the case — обстоятельства дела;
fact necessary to explain a relevant fact — факт, необходимый для объяснения релевантного факта;
fact necessary to introduce a relevant fact — факт, необходимый для представления суду релевантного факта;
facts on trial — факты, рассматриваемые судом;
fact relevant to the fact in issue — факт, относящийся к основному факту;
fact relevant to the issue — факт, относящийся к предмету судебного спора, доказывания;
fact requiring proof — факт, требующий доказательств, доказывания;
fact sought to be proven — факт, на доказывании которого настаивает сторона;
- fact of common notorietyfact to be proven — факт, подлежащий доказыванию; предмет доказывания
- fact of crime
- fact of evidence
- fact of litigation
- accompanying facts
- adjudicative fact
- ascertained fact
- bare facts of the matter
- basic fact
- collateral fact
- constituent facts
- damning fact
- disputed fact
- divestitive fact
- established fact
- evidentiary fact
- fabricated fact
- fair facts of the matter
- false fact
- highly relevant fact
- incriminating fact
- independent fact
- inferential fact
- investitive fact
- irrelevant fact
- jural fact
- jurisdictional fact
- legislative fact
- material fact
- non-adjudicative fact
- non-evidence fact
- physical fact
- presumed fact
- presumptive fact
- principal fact
- probative fact
- proven fact
- psychological fact
- relevant fact
- similar facts
- simulated fact
- substantial fact
- substantive fact
- translative fact
- ultimate fact
- undeniable fact
- verifiable fact
- juridical fact -
16 proof
1) доказательство, доказательства2) доказывание3) доказанность4) судебное следствие; шотл. рассмотрение дела судьёй вместо суда присяжных5) пробный оттиск, корректура•proof and hearing — судебное следствие и выступления сторон;
proof beyond all reasonable doubt — доказанность при полном отсутствии оснований для сомнения в ней;
proof beyond any reasonable doubt — доказанность при отсутствии какого-л. основания для сомнения в ней;
proof beyond reasonable doubt — доказанность при отсутствии обоснованного в ней сомнения ( критерий доказанности обвинения);
proof by admission — см. proof of admission 1., 2., 3.;
proof by affidavit — 1. доказательство, полученное с помощью аффидевита 2. доказывание посредством аффидевита 3. установление факта с помощью аффидевита;
proof by circumstantial [indirect] evidence — доказывание или доказанность косвенными доказательствами;
proof by confession — см. proof of confession 1., 2., 3., 4.;
proof by direct evidence — доказывание или доказанность прямыми доказательствами;
proof by evidence — см. proof of evidence 1., 2., 3.;
proof by notoriety — осведомлённость суда, судейская осведомлённость (в отношении фактов, полагаемых известными суду без доказательств);
proof by presumption — доказывание по презумпции;
proof by testimony — 1. доказывание посредством свидетельских показаний 2. доказанность свидетельскими показаниями;
proof from the contrary — 1. доказательство от противного 2. доказывание от противного 3. доказанность от противного;
proof on a preponderance of probabilities — доказанность наличием большей вероятности ( критерий доказанности в гражданском процессе);
to develop proof — представить или получить доказательства;
to take proof — получить доказательства;
- proof of attestationproof to the contrary — 1. доказательство противного 2. доказывание противного 3. доказанность противного
- proof of confession
- proof of consistency
- proof of evidence
- proof of fact
- proof of official record
- proof of record
- proof of witness
- affirmative proof
- affirmative proof of loss
- categorical proof
- circular proof
- circumstantial proof
- clear proof
- conclusive proof
- controvertible proof
- conviction proof
- crucial proof
- direct proof
- evident proof
- formal proof
- foundation proof
- foundational proof
- hard proof
- incontrovertible proof
- independent proof
- indirect proof
- indubitable proof
- infallible proof
- inferential proof
- irrefutable proof
- judgement proof
- literal proof
- negative proof
- positive proof
- presumptive proof
- relevant proof
- reliable proof
- satisfactory proof
- substantial proof
- testimonial proof
- uncontrovertible proof
- virtual proof
- decisive proof -
17 anecdotal
•• anecdote, anecdotal
•• Anecdote narrative of a detached incident (The Pocket Oxford Dictionary).
•• Кажется, уже на первом курсе студентов языковых вузов предупреждают, что слово анекдот не следует переводить английским anecdote (правильный перевод – joke, хотя вряд ли это слово передает все богатство ассоциаций, связанных с русским словом анекдот у русского, да и любого «бывшего советского» человека!) Казалось бы, все просто: запомнить, что anecdote – это забавная или поучительная история из жизни, в то время как анекдот является сатирическим плодом народной фантазии, и дело с концом. Трудности начинаются, когда в довольно безобидном, на первый взгляд, контексте переводчик сталкивается со словом anecdotal. Приведу анекдотический пример. В очень приличном переводе текста на тему о российском рынке ценных бумаг встретилось такое предложение: Есть много анекдотических примеров, подтверждающих, что передача реестра акционеров хорошо известному независимому регистратору может повысить цену и ликвидность акций. В английском оригинале: There is extensive anecdotal evidence that moving your shareholders’ register to a well-known independent registrar can boost your share price and liquidity. Просто удивительно, что переводчик (вполне, кстати, квалифицированный с точки зрения знания материала) не заметил, насколько слово анекдотический противоречит всему смыслу предложения. Было бы еще «смешнее», если бы так же бездумно была переведена такая фраза из журнала Washingtonian: There is evidence, albeit largely anecdotal, of a growing number of suicides among high-achieving young people. Оправданием (разумеется, частичным) может служить то, что даже Новый Большой англо-русский словарь под редакцией Ю.Д.Апресяна – не слишком хороший помощник в данном случае. Вот что он предлагает на слово anecdotal: 1. включающий эпизоды, особенно из жизни знаменитостей; 2. фабульный, сюжетный (об изобразительном искусстве). Словарь под редакцией Хорнби вообще не содержит этого слова, а Webster’s Third New International ограничивается очевидным: relating to anecdotes.
•• Между тем, словосочетание anecdotal evidence не относится к редким. Вот пример из International Herald Tribune: There are no comprehensive statistics on the extent of the air pollution problem, but anecdotal evidence suggests that Hong Kong’s children have been hit hardest (IHT).
•• Еще один, аналогичный, пример: Mexico City – the story here is the crime. [...] Practically any Mexican you meet (who does not travel under armed guard) has anecdotal evidence.
•• Объясним значение этого словосочетания. В основе его – тот факт, что слово anecdotal, равно как и anecdote, далеко не всегда относится к случаям забавным или смешным. Главное здесь – то, что речь идет именно о случае, отдельном факте, может быть, типичном, характерном, может быть, нет, но представляющем интерес, поучительном.
•• В первом нашем примере автор хочет сказать, что у него нет систематической статистики, что у него нет систематических примеров, но есть многочисленные факты или множество отдельных примеров, которые свидетельствуют (и далее см. текст перевода). В другом примере: Едва ли не любой мексиканец может привести случаи из жизни (подтверждающие реальность проблемы преступности).
•• А как переводить слова анекдотический, анекдотичный? The Oxford Russian Dictionary почему-то предлагает anecdotal – в первом случае и humorous – во втором. Но в русском языке эти слова – синонимы, причем словарь Ожегова дает для слова анекдотичный дополнительное значение – похожий на анекдот, маловероятный. Можно предложить такие варианты: анекдотическая ситуация – ridiculous situation, анекдотическая история – a funny story.
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18 anecdote
•• anecdote, anecdotal
•• Anecdote narrative of a detached incident (The Pocket Oxford Dictionary).
•• Кажется, уже на первом курсе студентов языковых вузов предупреждают, что слово анекдот не следует переводить английским anecdote (правильный перевод – joke, хотя вряд ли это слово передает все богатство ассоциаций, связанных с русским словом анекдот у русского, да и любого «бывшего советского» человека!) Казалось бы, все просто: запомнить, что anecdote – это забавная или поучительная история из жизни, в то время как анекдот является сатирическим плодом народной фантазии, и дело с концом. Трудности начинаются, когда в довольно безобидном, на первый взгляд, контексте переводчик сталкивается со словом anecdotal. Приведу анекдотический пример. В очень приличном переводе текста на тему о российском рынке ценных бумаг встретилось такое предложение: Есть много анекдотических примеров, подтверждающих, что передача реестра акционеров хорошо известному независимому регистратору может повысить цену и ликвидность акций. В английском оригинале: There is extensive anecdotal evidence that moving your shareholders’ register to a well-known independent registrar can boost your share price and liquidity. Просто удивительно, что переводчик (вполне, кстати, квалифицированный с точки зрения знания материала) не заметил, насколько слово анекдотический противоречит всему смыслу предложения. Было бы еще «смешнее», если бы так же бездумно была переведена такая фраза из журнала Washingtonian: There is evidence, albeit largely anecdotal, of a growing number of suicides among high-achieving young people. Оправданием (разумеется, частичным) может служить то, что даже Новый Большой англо-русский словарь под редакцией Ю.Д.Апресяна – не слишком хороший помощник в данном случае. Вот что он предлагает на слово anecdotal: 1. включающий эпизоды, особенно из жизни знаменитостей; 2. фабульный, сюжетный (об изобразительном искусстве). Словарь под редакцией Хорнби вообще не содержит этого слова, а Webster’s Third New International ограничивается очевидным: relating to anecdotes.
•• Между тем, словосочетание anecdotal evidence не относится к редким. Вот пример из International Herald Tribune: There are no comprehensive statistics on the extent of the air pollution problem, but anecdotal evidence suggests that Hong Kong’s children have been hit hardest (IHT).
•• Еще один, аналогичный, пример: Mexico City – the story here is the crime. [...] Practically any Mexican you meet (who does not travel under armed guard) has anecdotal evidence.
•• Объясним значение этого словосочетания. В основе его – тот факт, что слово anecdotal, равно как и anecdote, далеко не всегда относится к случаям забавным или смешным. Главное здесь – то, что речь идет именно о случае, отдельном факте, может быть, типичном, характерном, может быть, нет, но представляющем интерес, поучительном.
•• В первом нашем примере автор хочет сказать, что у него нет систематической статистики, что у него нет систематических примеров, но есть многочисленные факты или множество отдельных примеров, которые свидетельствуют (и далее см. текст перевода). В другом примере: Едва ли не любой мексиканец может привести случаи из жизни (подтверждающие реальность проблемы преступности).
•• А как переводить слова анекдотический, анекдотичный? The Oxford Russian Dictionary почему-то предлагает anecdotal – в первом случае и humorous – во втором. Но в русском языке эти слова – синонимы, причем словарь Ожегова дает для слова анекдотичный дополнительное значение – похожий на анекдот, маловероятный. Можно предложить такие варианты: анекдотическая ситуация – ridiculous situation, анекдотическая история – a funny story.
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19 expert
ˈekspə:t
1. сущ. знаток, эксперт;
мастер, специалист (at, in, on) demolition expert ≈ специалист-подрывник efficiency expert ≈ специалист по научной организации труда technical expert ≈ технический специалист expert at troubleshooting ≈ специалист по устранению неисправностей/по решению проблем expert in computer science ≈ специалист по компьютерам expert evidence ≈ мнение специалистов, заключение экспертов Syn: connoisseur, specialist
2. прил. опытный, искусный (at, in - в) ;
квалифицированный Syn: skillful, skilled специалист;
эксперт - chemical * специалист-химик - financial * финансовый эксперт - beauty * косметолог - foreign affairs * специалист-международник - * evidence (юридическое) показания экспертов (в суде) - * report доклад эксперта;
экспертиза - * personnel специалисты, кадры специалистов - an * in questions of international law специалист по вопросам международного права знаток;
умелец, искусник - an * with the sword искусный фехтовальщик (американизм) (военное) отличный стрелок, стрелок 1-го класса опытный, знающий, сведущий;
(высоко) квалифицированный - * accountant высококвалифицированный бухгалтер - * rifleman( американизм) (военное) отличный стрелок, стрелок 1-го класса - * with a rifle искусный стрелок - * in /at/ driving a motor-car опытный водитель( автомашины) - the Egyptians were especially * in the working of stone египтяне особенно отличались искусством резьбы по камню - neither of them was * in riding ездить верхом ни тот ни другой как следует не умел данный специалистом или экспертом - * opinion заключение специалиста;
экспертиза;
экспертное заключение - * advice квалифицированный совет;
экспертное заключение - * work квалифицированная /тонкая/ работа - to determine smth. by * knowledge определить что-л. экспертным расчетом (американизм) подвергать экспертизе, изучать - to * the accounts of a company проверять бухгалтерские книги компании (американизм) быть экспертом (в каком-л. деле) - to * at bridge судействовать на матче по бриджу advertising ~ специалист по рекламе agricultural ~ специалист в области сельского хозяйства building ~ эксперт по строительству commercial ~ специалист по вопросам торговли court ~ судебный эксперт domain ~ специалист по предметной области economic ~ экономический советник economic ~ экономический эксперт expert высококвалифицированный ~ данный специалистом или экспертом ~ знаток, эксперт;
специалист ~ знаток ~ знающий ~ компетентный ~ опытный, искусный (at, in - в) ;
квалифицированный ~ опытный ~ (амер.) подвергать экспертизе ~ подвергать экспертизе ~ сведущий ~ специалист, эксперт ~ специалист ~ эксперт ~ attr.: ~ evidence мнение, показание специалистов ~ attr.: ~ evidence мнение, показание специалистов farm ~ специалист по сельскому хозяйству government ~ правительственный эксперт independent ~ независимый эксперт legal ~ судебный эксперт medical ~ медицинский эксперт tax ~ специалист по вопросам налогообложения technical ~ технический эксперт -
20 Science
It is a common notion, or at least it is implied in many common modes of speech, that the thoughts, feelings, and actions of sentient beings are not a subject of science.... This notion seems to involve some confusion of ideas, which it is necessary to begin by clearing up. Any facts are fitted, in themselves, to be a subject of science, which follow one another according to constant laws; although those laws may not have been discovered, nor even to be discoverable by our existing resources. (Mill, 1900, B. VI, Chap. 3, Sec. 1)One class of natural philosophers has always a tendency to combine the phenomena and to discover their analogies; another class, on the contrary, employs all its efforts in showing the disparities of things. Both tendencies are necessary for the perfection of science, the one for its progress, the other for its correctness. The philosophers of the first of these classes are guided by the sense of unity throughout nature; the philosophers of the second have their minds more directed towards the certainty of our knowledge. The one are absorbed in search of principles, and neglect often the peculiarities, and not seldom the strictness of demonstration; the other consider the science only as the investigation of facts, but in their laudable zeal they often lose sight of the harmony of the whole, which is the character of truth. Those who look for the stamp of divinity on every thing around them, consider the opposite pursuits as ignoble and even as irreligious; while those who are engaged in the search after truth, look upon the other as unphilosophical enthusiasts, and perhaps as phantastical contemners of truth.... This conflict of opinions keeps science alive, and promotes it by an oscillatory progress. (Oersted, 1920, p. 352)Most of the fundamental ideas of science are essentially simple, and may, as a rule, be expressed in a language comprehensible to everyone. (Einstein & Infeld, 1938, p. 27)A new scientific truth does not triumph by convincing its opponents and making them see the light, but rather because its opponents eventually die, and a new generation grows up that is familiar with it. (Planck, 1949, pp. 33-34)[Original quotation: "Eine neue wissenschaftliche Wahrheit pflegt sich nicht in der Weise durchzusetzen, dass ihre Gegner ueberzeugt werden und sich as belehrt erklaeren, sondern vielmehr dadurch, dass die Gegner allmaehlich aussterben und dass die heranwachsende Generation von vornherein mit der Wahrheit vertraut gemacht ist." (Planck, 1990, p. 15)]I had always looked upon the search for the absolute as the noblest and most worth while task of science. (Planck, 1949, p. 46)If you cannot-in the long run-tell everyone what you have been doing, your doing has been worthless. (SchroЁdinger, 1951, pp. 7-8)Even for the physicist the description in plain language will be a criterion of the degree of understanding that has been reached. (Heisenberg, 1958, p. 168)The old scientific ideal of episteґmeґ-of absolutely certain, demonstrable knowledge-has proved to be an idol. The demand for scientific objectivity makes it inevitable that every scientific statement must remain tentative forever. It may indeed be corroborated, but every corroboration is relative to other statements which, again, are tentative. Only in our subjective experiences of conviction, in our subjective faith, can we be "absolutely certain." (Popper, 1959, p. 280)The layman, taught to revere scientists for their absolute respect for the observed facts, and for the judiciously detached and purely provisional manner in which they hold scientific theories (always ready to abandon a theory at the sight of any contradictory evidence) might well have thought that, at Miller's announcement of this overwhelming evidence of a "positive effect" [indicating that the speed of light is not independent from the motion of the observer, as Einstein's theory of relativity demands] in his presidential address to the American Physical Society on December 29th, 1925, his audience would have instantly abandoned the theory of relativity. Or, at the very least, that scientists-wont to look down from the pinnacle of their intellectual humility upon the rest of dogmatic mankind-might suspend judgment in this matter until Miller's results could be accounted for without impairing the theory of relativity. But no: by that time they had so well closed their minds to any suggestion which threatened the new rationality achieved by Einstein's world-picture, that it was almost impossible for them to think again in different terms. Little attention was paid to the experiments, the evidence being set aside in the hope that it would one day turn out to be wrong. (Polanyi, 1958, pp. 12-13)The practice of normal science depends on the ability, acquired from examplars, to group objects and situations into similarity sets which are primitive in the sense that the grouping is done without an answer to the question, "Similar with respect to what?" (Kuhn, 1970, p. 200)Science in general... does not consist in collecting what we already know and arranging it in this or that kind of pattern. It consists in fastening upon something we do not know, and trying to discover it. (Collingwood, 1972, p. 9)Scientific fields emerge as the concerns of scientists congeal around various phenomena. Sciences are not defined, they are recognized. (Newell, 1973a, p. 1)This is often the way it is in physics-our mistake is not that we take our theories too seriously, but that we do not take them seriously enough. I do not think it is possible really to understand the successes of science without understanding how hard it is-how easy it is to be led astray, how difficult it is to know at any time what is the next thing to be done. (Weinberg, 1977, p. 49)Science is wonderful at destroying metaphysical answers, but incapable of providing substitute ones. Science takes away foundations without providing a replacement. Whether we want to be there or not, science has put us in a position of having to live without foundations. It was shocking when Nietzsche said this, but today it is commonplace; our historical position-and no end to it is in sight-is that of having to philosophize without "foundations." (Putnam, 1987, p. 29)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Science
См. также в других словарях:
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